To facilitate the translation of basic information from the first two clusters into therapeutic endpoints, in vivo studies in experimental animals are absolutely essential. It is simply not possible to extrapolate findings from in vitro studies (e.g. WP6) to the in vivo setting because of the enormous complexity of the host immune response that is, as a whole, poorly understood. Hence, to objectify the results on in vitro modulation of DC to the in vivo setting, targeted DC will be used to assess immune responses after delivery to experimental animals (WP7). Then, their efficacy in inducing protective immune responses against tumours and infectious organisms will be evaluated in pre-clinical models, including immunodeficient mice that have been reconstituted with cells of the human immune system (WP8).